Trace Gas Detection using Infrared Coherent Laser Sources

P. Canarelli, Z. Benko, R.F. Curl, and F.K. Tittel, "A Continuous Wave Infrared Laser Spectrometer Based on Difference Frequency Generation in AgGaS₂ for High Resolution Spectroscopy," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 9, 197-202 (1992).

A.H. Hielscher, C.E. Miller, D.C. Bayard, K.P. Smolka, R.F. Curl, and F.K. Tittel, "Optimization of a Mid-Infrared High Resolution Difference Frequency Laser Spectrometer," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 9, 1962-1967 (1992).

U. Simon, C.E. Miller, C.C. Bradley, R.G. Hulet, R.F. Curl, and F.K. Tittel, "Difference Frequency Generation in AgGaS₂ Using Single-Mode Diode Laser Pump Sources," Optics Letters 18, 1062-1064 (1993).

U. Simon, Z. Benko, M.W. Sigrist, R.F. Curl, and F.K. Tittel, "Design Considerations of an Infrared Spectrometer Based on Difference Frequency Generation in AgGaSe₂," Appl. Optics 32, 6650-6655 (1993).

U. Simon, F.K. Tittel, and L. Goldberg, "Difference Frequency Mixing in AgGaS₂ by Using a High Power GaAlAs tapered Semiconductor Amplifier at 860 nm," Optics Letters 18, 1931-1933 (1993).

K. Petrov, S. Waltman, R. Curl, F. Tittel, and L. Hollberg, "Detection of Methane in Air Using Diode-Laser-Pumped Difference-Frequency Generation near 3.2 mm," Appl. Phys. B 61, 553-558 (1995).

K.P. Petrov, L. Goldberg, W.K. Burns, R.F. Curl, and F.K. Tittel, "Detection of CO in Air Using Diode-Pumped 4.6 mm Difference Frequency Generation in Quasi-Phase Matched LiNbO₃, Optics Letters 21, 86-88 (1996).

K.P. Petrov, R.F. Curl, and L. Goldberg, "CW tunable 8.7 mm spectroscopic source pumped by fiber-coupled communications lasers," Optics Letters 21, 1451-1453 (1996).

Wade C. Eckhoff, Roger S. Putnam, Shunxi Wang, Robert F. Curl, and Frank K. Tittel, "A Continuously Tunable Long Wavelength CW IR Source for High-Resolution Spectroscopy and Trace Gas Detection," Applied Physics B 63, 437 (1996).

K.P Petrov, S. Waltman, E.J. Dlugokencky, M. Arbore, M.M. Fejer, F.K. Tittel, and L.W. Hollberg, "Precise measurement of CH₄ in natural air samples using diode-pumped 3.4 mm difference-frequency source," Applied Physics B 64, 567-571 (1997).

Th. Toepfer, K.P. Petrov, Y. Mine, D. Jundt, R.F. Curl, and F.K. Tittel, "Room Temperature Mid-Infrared Laser Sensor for Trace Gas Detection," Applied Optics 36, 8042-8049 (1997).

Y. Mine, N. Melander, D. Richter,  D.G. Lancaster, K.P. Petrov, R.F. Curl, F.K. Tittel, "Detection of formaldehyde using mid-infrared difference frequency generation," Applied Physics B 65, 771-774 (1997).

K.P. Petrov, R.F. Curl and F.K. Tittel, "Compact laser difference-frequency spectrometer for multi-component trace gas detection,"  Applied Physics B, 66 3, 531-538 (1998)

L. Goldberg, D.G. Lancaster, J. Koplow, R.F. Curl, F.K. Tittel: "Mid-IR DFG source pumped by a 1.1 mm/1.5 mm dual wavelength fiber amplifier for trace gas detection", Optics Letters, 23, 1517-1519 (1998)

D.G. Lancaster, L. Goldberg, J. Koplow, R.F. Curl, and F.K. Tittel: “Fibre coupled difference frequency generation utilising ytterbium-doped fibre amplifier and periodically poled LiNbO3”, Electron. Lett., 34, 13 1345-1347 (1998).

D. Richter, D.G. Lancaster, R.F. Curl, W. Neu, F.K. Tittel: “ Compact mid-infrared trace gas sensor based on difference-frequency generation of two diode lasers in periodically poled LiNbO3”, Appl. Phys B – Special Issue: Environmental Trace Gas Detection using Laser Spectroscopy, 67 3, 347-350 (1998)

D.G. Lancaster, D. Richter, R.F. Curl, F.K. Tittel: “Real-time measurements of trace gases using a compact difference-frequency-based sensor at 3.5 mm”, Appl. Phys B – Special Issue: Environmental Trace Gas Detection using Laser Spectroscopy, 67 3, 339-345 (1998)

D. Richter, D.G. Lancaster, R.F. Curl, F.K. Tittel: “Tunable, fiber coupled spectrometer based on difference-frequency generation in periodically poled lithium niobate ”, TOPS-Advanced solid state laser conference – Boston (1999)

F.K. Tittel, D.G. Lancaster, D. Richter, R.F. Curl: "Laser based absorption sensors for trace gas monitoring in a spacecraft habitat", 29th International Conference on Environmental Systems, Paper Number 99ES-102 - Denver (July 1999)

D.G. Lancaster, D. Richter, F.K. Tittel, "Portable fiber coupled diode laser based sensor for multiple trace gas detection", Applied Physics B - Lasers and Optics, Appl.Phys. B 69, 459-465 (1999)

D.G. Lancaster, D. Richter, R.F. Curl, F.K. Tittel, L. Goldberg, J. Koplow, "High-power continuous-wave mid-infrared radiation generated by difference frequency mixing of diode-laser-seeded fiber amplifiers and its application to dual-beam spectroscopy", Optics Letters, 24, 23, 1744-1746 (1999)

A.A. Kosterev, R.F. Curl, F.K. Tittel, C.Gmachl, F.Capasso, D.L. Sivco, J.N. Baillargeon, A.L. Hutchinson, A.Y. Cho "Methane concentration and isotopic composition measurements with a mid-infrared quantum-cascade laser", Optics Letters, 24, 23, 1762-1764 (1999)

F. K. Tittel, D. G. Lancaster, D. Richter: "Novel Diode Laser Based Sensors for Gas Sensing Applications", Laser Physics, 10, 1, 1-7 (2000)

D. G. Lancaster, R. Weidner, D. Richter, F.K. Tittel, J. Limpert, "Compact CH4 sensor based on difference frequency mixing of diode laser in quasi-phase matched LiNbO₃", Optics Communications, 175, 461-468 (2000)

D. Richter, F. K. Tittel, J. Bahr, D. Wickham, J. Wright, J.C. Graf: "Diode Laser Based Formaldehyde Measurements in a Catalytic Trace Contaminant Control System", International Conference on Environmental Systems - ICES, Toulouse, France, paper 00ICES-138 (July 10-13, 2000)

D.G. Lancaster, D. Richter, R.F. Curl, F.K. Tittel: "Diode Lasers, DFG and Molecules", OSA TOPS - Advanced Semiconductor and Lasers and Their Applications, Vol. 31, 43-46 (2000)

Stephen Friedfeld, Matthew Fraser, David Lancaster, Darrin Leleux, Dirk Rehle, and Frank Tittel: "Field Intercomparison of a Novel Optical Sensor for Formaldehyde Quantification", Geophysical Research Letters, 27, 1 2093-2096 (2000)

Dirk Richter, David G. Lancaster, Frank K. Tittel: "Development of an automated diode laser based multi-component gas sensor", Applied Optics 39, 4444-4450 (2000)

D. G. Lancaster, A. Fried, B. Wert, B. Henry, and F. K. Tittel: "Difference-frequency-based tunable absorption spectrometer for detection of atmospheric formaldehyde," Applied Optics 39, 4436-4443 (2000)

A.A. Kosterev, R.F. Curl, F.K. Tittel, C.Gmachl, F.Capasso, D.L. Sivco, J.N. Baillargeon, A.L. Hutchinson, A.Y. Cho: "Effective utilization of quantum-cascade distributed-feedback lasers in absorption spectroscopy", Applied Optics 39, 4425-4430 (2000)

Anatoliy A. Kosterev, Frank K. Tittel, Claire Gmachl, Federico Capasso, Deborah L. Sivco, James N. Baillargeon, Albert L. Hutchinson, and Alfred Y. Cho, “Trace gas detection in ambient air with a thermoelectrically cooled QC-DFB laser,” Applied Optics 39, 6866-6872 (2000).

J. Limpert, H. Zellmer, A. Tuennermann, D.G. Lancaster, R. Weidner, D. Richter, and F.K. Tittel, “Tunable cw DFG-based gas sensor using a fiber amplified 1.5 µm external cavity diode laser and a high power 1 µm diode laser,” Electronics Letters 36, 1739-1740 (2000).

Weidong Chen, Fabrice Cazier, Frank K. Tittel, and Daniel Boucher, “Benzene concentration measurements using difference frequency laser absorption spectroscopy,” Applied Optics 39, 6238-6242 (2000).

A.A. Kosterev, R.F. Curl, F.K. Tittel, “Chemical Sensors Using Quantum Cascade Lasers,” Laser Physics 11, 39-49 (2001).

Yuji Morimoto, William Durante, David G. Lancaster, Jens Klattenhoff, and Frank K. Tittel, “Real-time measurement of endogenous CO production from vascular cells using an ultrasensitive laser sensor,” Am. J. Physiology: Heart and Circulatory Physiology 280, H483-H488 (2001). 

Naoya Matsuoka, Shigeru Yamaguchi, Kenzo Nanri, Tomoo Fujioka, Dirk Richter, and Frank K. Tittel, "Yb fiber laser pumped min-IR source based on difference frequency generation and its application to ammonia detection," Jap. J. Appl. Phys. 40, 625-628 (2001).

Weidong Chen, Gael Mouret, Daniel Boucher, and Frank K. Tittel, "Mid-infrared trace gas detection using Continuous-Wave Difference Frequency Generation in Periodically Poled RbTiOAsO₄," Applied Physics B 72, 873-876 (2001).

Lars Menzel, Anatoliy A. Kosterev, Frank K. Tittel, Claire Gmachl, Federico Capasso, Deborah L. Sivco, James N. Baillargeon, Albert L. Hutchinson, Alfred Y. Cho, and Wolfgang Urban, "Spectroscopic detection of biological NO with a quantum cascade laser," Applied Physics B 72, 859-863 (2001).

Dirk Rehle, Darrin Leleux, Miklos Erdelyi, Frank K. Tittel, Matthew Fraser, and Stephen Friedfeld, "Ambient Formaldehyde Detection with a Laser Spectrometer based on Difference Frequency Generation in PPLN," Appl. Phys. B 72, 947-952 (2001).

R. Claps, F. V. Englich, D. Leleux, D. Richter, F. K. Tittel, and R. F. Curl, "Ammonia detection using near infrared diode laser based overtone spectroscopy", Applied Optics 40(24), 4376-4386 (2001). 

Michael E. Webber, Ricardo Claps, Florian V. Englich, Frank K. Tittel, Jay B. Jeffries, and Ronald K. Hanson, "Measurements of NH₃ and CO₂ with DFB Diode Lasers Near 2.0 mm in Bioreactor Vent Gases," Applied Optics 40(24), 4395-4403 (2001).

A. A. Kosterev , Alexander L. Malinovsky, Frank K. Tittel, Claire Gmachl, Federico Capasso, Deborah L. Sivco, James N. Baillargeon, Albert L. Hutchinson, and Alfred Y. Cho, "Cavity ringdown spectroscopic detection of nitric oxide with a continuous-wave
quantum-cascase laser," Applied Optics 40(30) 5522-5529 (20 October 2001).

D. Richter, M. Erdelyi, R. F. Curl, F. K. Tittel, C. Oppenheimer, H. J. Duffell, and M. Burton, "Fields measurements of volcanic gases using tunable diode laser based mid-infrared and Fourier transform infrared spectrometers", accepted Optics and Lasers in Engineering, Elsevier (to appear in Fall 2001).

D. Leleux, R. Claps, W. Chen, F.K. Tittel, and T.L. Harman, "Applications of Kalman filtering to real-time trace gas concentration measurements," Appl. Phys. B 74, 85–93 (2002).

A.A. Kosterev, F.K. Tittel, W. Durante, M. Allen, R. Köhler, C. Gmachl, F. Capasso, D.L. Sivco, and A.Y. Cho, "Detection of biogenic CO production above vascular cell cultures using a near-room-temperature QC-DFB laser," Applied Phys. B, 74 95–99 (2002).

Anatoliy A. Kosterev, Robert F. Curl, Frank K. Tittel, Rüdeger Köhler, Claire Gmachl, Federico Capasso, Deborah L. Sivco, and Alfred Y. Cho, "Transportable automated ammonia sensor based on a pulsed thermoelectrically cooled quantum-cascade distributed feedback laser," Applied Optics, 41(3),573-578 (2002).

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