Home

Laboratory
Studies

Recordkeeping, Writing,
& Data Analysis

Laboratory
Methods

Overview
Microscope studies
Flagella experiment
Laboratory math
Blood fractionation
Gel electrophoresis
Protein gel analysis
Mitochondria
Concepts/ theory

Overview
Keeping a lab notebook
Writing research papers
Dimensions & units
Using figures (graphs)
Examples of graphs
Experimental error
Representing error
Applying statistics

Overview
Principles of microscopy
Solutions & dilutions
Protein assays
Spectrophotometry
Fractionation & centrifugation
Radioisotopes and detection

List of methods

Direct absorbance measurement

absorbance at 280 nm
absorbance at 205 nm
extinction coefficient

Colorimetric assays

set up an assay
spectrophotometry
modified Lowry
biuret
Bradford
Bicinchoninic Acid (Smith)

Bradford protein assay

Considerations for use

The Bradford assay is very fast and uses about the same amount of protein as the Lowry assay. It is fairly accurate and samples that are out of range can be retested within minutes. The Bradford is recommended for general use, especially for determining protein content of cell fractions and assesing protein concentrations for gel electrophoresis.

Assay materials including color reagent, protein standard, and instruction booklet are available from Bio-Rad Corporation. The method described below is for a 100 µl sample volume using 5 ml color reagent. It is sensitive to about 5 to 200 micrograms protein, depending on the dye quality. In assays using 5 ml color reagent prepared in lab, the sensitive range is closer to 5 to 100 µg protein. Scale down the volume for the "microassay procedure," which uses 1 ml cuvettes. Protocols, including use of microtiter plates are described in the flyer that comes with the Bio-Rad kit.

Principle

The assay is based on the observation that the absorbance maximum for an acidic solution of Coomassie Brilliant Blue G-250 shifts from 465 nm to 595 nm when binding to protein occurs. Both hydrophobic and ionic interactions stabilize the anionic form of the dye, causing a visible color change. The assay is useful since the extinction coefficient of a dye-albumin complex solution is constant over a 10-fold concentration range.

Equipment

In addition to standard liquid handling supplies a visible light spectrophotometer is needed, with maximum transmission in the region of 595 nm, on the border of the visible spectrum (no special lamp or filter usually needed). Glass or polystyrene (cheap) cuvettes may be used, however the color reagent stains both. Disposable cuvettes are recommended.

Procedure

Reagents

Bradford reagent: Dissolve 100 mg Coomassie Brilliant Blue G-250 in 50 ml 95% ethanol, add 100 ml 85% (w/v) phosphoric acid. Dilute to 1 liter when the dye has completely dissolved, and filter through Whatman #1 paper just before use.
(Optional) 1 M NaOH (to be used if samples are not readily soluble in the color reagent).

The Bradford reagent should be a light brown in color. Filtration may have to be repeated to rid the reagent of blue components. The Bio-Rad concentrate is expensive, but the lots of dye used have apparently been screened for maximum effectiveness. "Homemade" reagent works quite well but is usually not as sensitive as the Bio-Rad product.

Assay

Warm up the spectrophotometer before use.
Dilute unknowns if necessary to obtain between 5 and 100 µg protein in at least one assay tube containing 100 µl sample
If desirred, add an equal volume of 1 M NaOH to each sample and vortex (see Comments below). Add NaOH to standards as well if this option is used.
Prepare standards containing a range of 5 to 100 micrograms protein (albumin or gamma globulin are recommended) in 100 µl volume. See how to set up an assay for suggestions as to setting up the standards.
Add 5 ml dye reagent and incubate 5 min.
Measure the absorbance at 595 nm.

Analysis

Prepare a standard curve of absorbance versus micrograms protein and determine amounts from the curve. Determine concentrations of original samples from the amount protein, volume/sample, and dilution factor, if any.

Comments

The dye reagent reacts primarily with arginine residues and less so with histidine, lysine, tyrosine, tryptophan, and phenylalanine residues. Obviously, the assay is less accurate for basic or acidic proteins. The Bradford assay is rather sensitive to bovine serum albumin, more so than "average" proteins, by about a factor of two. Immunoglogin G (IgG - gamma globulin) is the preferred protein standard. The addition of 1 M NaOH was suggested by Stoscheck (1990) to allow the solubilization of membrane proteins and reduce the protein-to-protein variation in color yield.

References

Bradford, MM. A rapid and sensitive for the quantitation of microgram quantitites of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Analytical Biochemistry 72: 248-254. 1976.
Stoscheck, CM. Quantitation of Protein. Methods in Enzymology 182: 50-69 (1990).

Copyright and Intended Use
Visitors: to ensure that your message is not mistaken for SPAM, please include the acronym "Bios211" in the subject line of e-mail communications
Created by David R. Caprette (caprette@rice.edu), Rice University 24 May 95
Updated 12 Jun 15



Home	Laboratory Studies	Recordkeeping, Writing, & Data Analysis	Laboratory Methods
	Overview Microscope studies Flagella experiment Laboratory math Blood fractionation Gel electrophoresis Protein gel analysis Mitochondria Concepts/ theory	Overview Keeping a lab notebook Writing research papers Dimensions & units Using figures (graphs) Examples of graphs Experimental error Representing error Applying statistics	Overview Principles of microscopy Solutions & dilutions Protein assays Spectrophotometry Fractionation & centrifugation Radioisotopes and detection

List of methods Direct absorbance measurement absorbance at 280 nm absorbance at 205 nm extinction coefficient Colorimetric assays set up an assay spectrophotometry modified Lowry biuret Bradford Bicinchoninic Acid (Smith)	Bradford protein assay Considerations for use The Bradford assay is very fast and uses about the same amount of protein as the Lowry assay. It is fairly accurate and samples that are out of range can be retested within minutes. The Bradford is recommended for general use, especially for determining protein content of cell fractions and assesing protein concentrations for gel electrophoresis. Assay materials including color reagent, protein standard, and instruction booklet are available from Bio-Rad Corporation. The method described below is for a 100 µl sample volume using 5 ml color reagent. It is sensitive to about 5 to 200 micrograms protein, depending on the dye quality. In assays using 5 ml color reagent prepared in lab, the sensitive range is closer to 5 to 100 µg protein. Scale down the volume for the "microassay procedure," which uses 1 ml cuvettes. Protocols, including use of microtiter plates are described in the flyer that comes with the Bio-Rad kit. Principle The assay is based on the observation that the absorbance maximum for an acidic solution of Coomassie Brilliant Blue G-250 shifts from 465 nm to 595 nm when binding to protein occurs. Both hydrophobic and ionic interactions stabilize the anionic form of the dye, causing a visible color change. The assay is useful since the extinction coefficient of a dye-albumin complex solution is constant over a 10-fold concentration range. Equipment In addition to standard liquid handling supplies a visible light spectrophotometer is needed, with maximum transmission in the region of 595 nm, on the border of the visible spectrum (no special lamp or filter usually needed). Glass or polystyrene (cheap) cuvettes may be used, however the color reagent stains both. Disposable cuvettes are recommended. Procedure Reagents Bradford reagent: Dissolve 100 mg Coomassie Brilliant Blue G-250 in 50 ml 95% ethanol, add 100 ml 85% (w/v) phosphoric acid. Dilute to 1 liter when the dye has completely dissolved, and filter through Whatman #1 paper just before use. (Optional) 1 M NaOH (to be used if samples are not readily soluble in the color reagent). The Bradford reagent should be a light brown in color. Filtration may have to be repeated to rid the reagent of blue components. The Bio-Rad concentrate is expensive, but the lots of dye used have apparently been screened for maximum effectiveness. "Homemade" reagent works quite well but is usually not as sensitive as the Bio-Rad product. Assay Warm up the spectrophotometer before use. Dilute unknowns if necessary to obtain between 5 and 100 µg protein in at least one assay tube containing 100 µl sample If desirred, add an equal volume of 1 M NaOH to each sample and vortex (see Comments below). Add NaOH to standards as well if this option is used. Prepare standards containing a range of 5 to 100 micrograms protein (albumin or gamma globulin are recommended) in 100 µl volume. See how to set up an assay for suggestions as to setting up the standards. Add 5 ml dye reagent and incubate 5 min. Measure the absorbance at 595 nm. Analysis Prepare a standard curve of absorbance versus micrograms protein and determine amounts from the curve. Determine concentrations of original samples from the amount protein, volume/sample, and dilution factor, if any. Comments The dye reagent reacts primarily with arginine residues and less so with histidine, lysine, tyrosine, tryptophan, and phenylalanine residues. Obviously, the assay is less accurate for basic or acidic proteins. The Bradford assay is rather sensitive to bovine serum albumin, more so than "average" proteins, by about a factor of two. Immunoglogin G (IgG - gamma globulin) is the preferred protein standard. The addition of 1 M NaOH was suggested by Stoscheck (1990) to allow the solubilization of membrane proteins and reduce the protein-to-protein variation in color yield. References Bradford, MM. A rapid and sensitive for the quantitation of microgram quantitites of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Analytical Biochemistry 72: 248-254. 1976. Stoscheck, CM. Quantitation of Protein. Methods in Enzymology 182: 50-69 (1990).
	Copyright and Intended Use Visitors: to ensure that your message is not mistaken for SPAM, please include the acronym "Bios211" in the subject line of e-mail communications Created by David R. Caprette (caprette@rice.edu), Rice University 24 May 95 Updated 12 Jun 15