Tycho Brahe's Great Mural Quadrant, 1582, Uraniborg Observatory, Isle of Hven, Denmark.

Bennett (1987) Figure 12, page 24.

Two extant refractors by Galileo, courtesy History of Science Museum, Florence, Italy, c. 1615.

Van Helden (1995)

Johannes Hevelius and his wife Elizabeth Koopman using their large brass sextant, Danzig, c. 1640.

Bennett (1987), Figure 61, page 67.

Barlow, page 14.

Huygens' aerial refractor, Paris, 1655.

Riekher, Figure 2, page 52.

Flamsteed's equatorial quadrant, by Tompion, London, 1677.

King, Figure 51, page 107.

Gregorian reflector, speculum metal mirror, Short, Edenborough, 1735.

Brück, page 6.

Portable quadrant, Bird, London, c. 1765

Bennett (1987) Figure 96, page 100.

Isaac Newton's speculum metal mirror reflecting telescope, London, 1671.

Van Helden, Galileo Project.

Greenwich 8-foot mural quadrant, by Bird, London, 1772.

Bennett (1987), Figure 111, page 116.

William Herschel, 7-foot reflector, 6.5-inch speculum metal mirror reflector in an altazimuth stand, Bath England, 1774.

King, Figure 58, page 125.

William Herschel, 20-foot reflector, 24-inch speculum metal mirror, in an altazimuth mounting, Bath, England, 1776.

Riekher, Figure 79, page 135.

Palermo Altazimuth Circle, Ramsden, London, 1789.

King, Figure 74, page 167.

William Herschel, 40-foot reflector, Slough, England,1788.

King, Figure 59, page 130.

Groombridge Transit Circle, Troughton, London, 1806.

King, Figure 97, page 235.

Repeating circle, Troughton, Lonon, c. 1810.

Bennett, Figure 93, page 97.

Armagh Equatorial, Troughton, London, 1819.

Bennett (1990) Figure 22, page 41.

Smyth's 5.9-inch Dolland refractor on a Tully equatorial mount, London, 1830.

King, Figure 83, page 195.

Königsberg heliometer, Fraunhoffer, Munich, 1829.

Riekher, Figure 196, page 182.

Armagh mural circle, Jones, Belfast, 1831.

Bennett (1990), Figure 40, page 77.

William Parsons, Third Earl of Rosse, 36-inch reflector, Birr Castle, Parsonstown, Ireland, 1839. Speculum metal mirror.

King, Figure 88, page 208.

Greenwich altazimuth, Ransome and May (mounting), Troughton and Sims (optics and circles), London, 1847.

Howse, Figure 47, page 81.

Harvard 15-inch refractor, Merz and Mahler, Munich, 1847.

Jones and Boyd, Figure 17, page 66.

William Parsons, Third Earl of Rosse, 72-inch reflecting telescope, Birr Castle, Parsonstown, Ireland, 1845.

Dimitroff and Baker, Figure 110, page 266.

Detroit Observatory Transit, Pistor and Martin, Berlin, 1855.

Whitsell, 1997.

William Lassell, 48-inch speculum metal mirror mounted in an equatorial reflector at Malta, 1861.

King, Figure 94, page 221.

Foucault, 13-inch silver-on-glass mirror, mounted in an equatorial reflector at Paris, 1860

Danjon and Couder, Figure 343, page 691.

Melbourne, Australia, 48-inch speculum metal mirror mounted in an equatorial reflector, Grubb, Liverpool, England, 1867.

King, Figure 109, page 265.

Meridian circle, Fauth, Berlin, 1870's.

Young, Figure 20, page 43.

Dunecht transit circle, 8.5-inch objective, Troughton and Simms, London, 1873.

Brück, page 89.

US Naval Observatory, 26-inch equatorial refractor, Alvan Clark and Sons, Cambridgeport, Massachusetts, 1877.

Dick and Doggett, page 155.

Lick Observatory, 36-inch equatorial refractor, Alvan Clark and Sons, Cambridgelport, Massachusetts, 1887

Danjon and Couder, Plate VI, facing page 256.

Yerkes Observatory, 40-inch equatorial refractor, Alvan Clark and Sons, Cambridgeport, Massachusetts, 1897.

Dimitroff and Baker, Figure 144, page 266

Mt. Wilson Observatory, 60-inch silver on glass mirror mounted in an equatorial reflector, G. W. Ritchey, 1908.

Danjon and Couder, Plate I, facing page 6.

Mt. Wilson Observatory, the Hooker 100-inch silver on glass mirror mounted an equatorial reflector, G. W. Ritchey, 1917.

Danjon and Couder, Plate VI, facing page 691.