Some abilities you should have by now:
Following is a list of keywords that can help you recall and study the course material in the last third of the course:
Language Variation and Language in Society
prescriptivism descriptivism standard, nonstandard standardization and education writing vs. spoken language orthography; sound vs. spelling shibboleths jargon slangNeologisms
derivation zero-derivation affixation compounding: phrasal compounds, rhyming compounds blends acronyms clippings folk etymology reanalysis/recutting
History of English
Old English (Anglo-Saxon) Normans Middle English Norman conquest Early Modern English Battle of Hastings Present Day English (PDE) [Edward the Confessor] Celts Harold Godwinson Romans William of Normandy (William the Conqueror) Anglo-Saxons Norman French Beowulf Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales King Alfred (Alfred the Great) William Caxton, printing press Vikings, Danes Great English Vowel Shift Canute (Cnut) King James Bible Danelaw, Watling Street Shakespeare
Words in English
native borrowed nativized, nativization loanword, borrowing doublets
Morphology
morpheme parse, parsing root allomorphs, allomorphy affix assimilation prefix ablaut suffix metathesis inflection weakening derivation insertion compounds, compounding deletion filler, linker morpheme rhotacism transparent, opaque morphemes s-deletion
Phonetics
consonants fricative voicing affricate larynx (voice box), vocal chords nasal place of articulation liquid lips, bilabial approximant labiodental lateral interdental voicing assimilation alveolar, alveolar ridge place assimilation palatal-alveolar manner assimilation ( = alveo-palatal) partial, total assimilation hard palate, palatal vowels soft palate (velum), velar vowel frontness: front/central/back glottis, glottal vowel height: high/mid/low manner of articulation diphthong stop (plosive)
Semantics
synonyms, synonymy homonyms, homonymy polysemySemantic change
etymology euphemism polysemy taboo widening (generalization) amelioration narrowing (specialization) degeneration, pejoration metaphor eponymy metonymy