The Science of Psychology
•	Geographical considerations
•	German advantages
•	Wundt
•	Titchener
•	Ebbinghaus
•	Külpe
Geographical Considerations
•	Why Germany
•	England had the “right” analysis
–	Reductionism
–	Association natural for experiments
–	But no social support -- universities
•	France?
•	Germany wins the prize
The German Advantages
•	A rich philosophical analysis
•	Kant vs. Leibnitz
•	Universities
–	Education highly respected
–	Freedom of thought
–	And of movement
•	Students
•	Professors
–	General science education
–	Philosophy & Biology
Wundt’s Life
•	Born 1832 to Lutheran minister and wife
•	Indifferent student
•	Medical degree in 1855
•	With Muller and Bois-Reymond at Berlin in 1857
•	Helmholz’s assistant 1858-1864
•	Popular books and lab in home
•	Zurich as philosopher in 1874
•	Leipzig in 1875
Wundt’s Philosophy of Psychology
•	Two kinds of science
•	Naturwissenschaften was natural science
–	Measurement and causality
–	Applied to physical part of humans
–	Lower mental processes and perception
•	Geisteswissenschaften
–	Inexact measurement and no causality
–	Part of humans influenced by culture
–	And language
–	Higher mental processes
Wundt’s Methods
•	Introspection
–	Internal perceptions
–	Immediate experience uncolored by more abstract mental processes
•	Basic perception experiments
•	Reaction-times
–	Attempts to parse mind in terms of mental chronometry
Wundt’s Areas of Study
•	Sensation and perception
•	Attention
–	Sensation enters mind passively
–	Attention focused – apperception
–	Spotlight metaphor
–	Apperception an act of will  -- voluntarism
•	Creative synthesis of ideas
•	Feelings and emotions as part of perception
The Völkerpsychologie
•	10 volumes published in last 2 decades of life
•	Attempt at Geisteswissenschaften
–	Morality
–	Social psychology
–	Anthropology and culture
–	Religion
–	Language
Wundt’s Influence
•	First to establish a working laboratory
•	Major psychological journals
•	Voluminous writing 
•	A major force against which to react
Wundt’s Students
•	Several important Germans
–	Külpe
–	Münsterberg
•	But mostly Americans
–	Cattell
–	Scripture
–	Titchener (British)
Reassessments of Wundt
•	Early interpretations by Titchener
•	Much not translated
•	Recently seen as forerunner of modern cognitive psychology
Edward Bradford Titchener (1867-1927)
•	English
•	Studied philosophy at Oxford
•	PhD with Wundt in 1895
•	Then to Cornell where he was until end of life
Titchener and Wundt
•	Translated Wundt into English
•	His American structuralism seen as closely linked to Wundt
•	Student Edwin Boring and early history of psychology
Titchener’s Psychology
•	Empiricist version of Wundt
•	More emphasis on elements of experience
•	And on the immediate aspects of sensation
•	Meaning as an “add-on”
•	How experiences are structured
•	Adult normal human mind
Titchener’s Influence
•	Many prominent students
–	Margaret Floy Washburn
–	Edwin Boring
–	Karl Dallenbach
–	J.P. Guilford
•	Society of Experimentalists
•	Textbooks
•	Data-driven, “pure” psychology
Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850-1909)
•	Influenced by Fechner
•	Memory research
–	Study of higher mental processes
–	But rid of language
–	First studies of memory
–	Ebbinghaus curve 
•	Decay of memory is very rapid
•	First real “law” of higher mental processes
Oswald Külpe (1862-1915)
•	Studied with Wundt
•	PhD with Müller
•	Then assistant to Wundt
•	Then at Würzburg – major lab
Külpe’s Psychology
•	Science of facts of experience
•	Systematic introspection
–	Thought processes in psychophysical experiments – Marbe
–	Thoughts during associations – Watt
•	Aufgabe – motivation 
–	Determining tendency
–	Whole process changed by mode of presentation
•	Imageless thought – questioned assumption that thought depended on images